This section is all about Indexes in SQL Server. We will learn about indexes in SQL Server including how to create the index, rename index, drop index, and more.
INDEXES are Special Data Structures associated with tables or views that will help it to speed up the data fetching/ queries.
 
Indexes are similar to the index of a book/notebook. Whenever we want to search any topic, we refer to the index to find that page number to access quickly without going through all the pages of the book. Indexes in SQL Server works in the same manner, an index can be created with both tables and views.
 
SQL Server provides two types of indexes,

    Clustered index
    Non-clustered index

Let's explore more closely,
 
Clustered index
A clustered index stores data rows in a sorted structure based on its key values. This key is a column or a group of columns on which the sorting will be done. By default, the primary key of the table is used as the key for the clustered index.
 
A clustered index is a default phenomenon and there can be only one clustered index in a table because rows can be only sorted in one order.
 
How to create clustered index?
Syntax to create clustered index,
    CREATE CLUSTERED INDEX index_Name  
    on Schema_Name.table_name (Columns)   

Non-clustered index
A non-clustered index is a data structure that improves the speed of data retrieval from tables.
 
Non-clustered index sorts and stores data separately from the data rows in the table.
 
How to create clustered index?
Syntax to create non-clustered index,
    CREATE [NONCLUSTERED] INDEX index_Name  
    on Schema_Name.table_name (Columns)   

Some notable syntax,
 
How to check indexes for the mentioned table?
    EXEC SP_HELPINDEX 'schema_name.table_name';   

How to rename the indexes?
    EXEC SP_RENAME 'OldIndexName', 'NewIndexName', 'INDEX';   

How to drop indexes?
    DROP INDEX removes one or more indexes from the current database.  
    DROP INDEX [IF EXISTS] INDEX_NAME ON TABLE_NAME   

To summarize, what we have learned,
    INDEXES
    Types of Indexes
    How to Rename Indexes
    How to Drop Indexes

If you guys have any questions let me know.

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The advent of Web 2.0 brought about a new technique in building web applications, Asynchronous, JavaScript, and XML. AJAX is a faster and interactive technology that has found great favor among modern businesses today. With it comes a combination of JavaScript, HTML, CSS, and XML to build one useful technique that makes web application interactivity faster and affordable in terms of bandwidth consumption. This article is a description of AJAX and its security issues.
 
AJAX
Conventional web sites were known to be slower and consumed more bandwidth because of the way they connected to the server. It would take a page to reload to connect to the server using synchronous connection. This meant more bandwidth consumption and slower response from web applications. On the other hand, AJAX is a browser technology that uses asynchronous means to communicate to the server. This means that you can communicate with the server to update certain portions of a page without having to reload the whole page.
 
A good example of AJAX in use is the Google create account page which recognizes a username in use soon after a user enters their suggested username. This means that in the background the page has communicated with the Google server to check if the name exists and show results without having to reload the entire page.
 
It is considered the most feasible Rich Internet Application (RIA) to date. AJAX makes use of Open Standards that include HTML and CSS for the presentation of data, XML for data storage and transfers to and from the server, XMLHttpRequest objects in the browser to fetch data from the server, and finally JavaScript for interactivity. AJAX can also transfer data in JSON or plain-text.
 
Security Issues with AJAX
AJAX applications only use a different technique to connect to the server. However, they use the same security schemes to connect to the server. This entails that you still have to include your authentication, authorization, and data protection methods in the web.xml file or program. AJAX applications bear the same vulnerabilities as ordinary or conventional web applications. In as much as people prefer the swiftness and the advanced interactivity of AJAX applications, some are misled to believe that AJAX web applications are more secure than ordinary web applications.
 
AJAX applications are known to have session management vulnerabilities and a lot of loopholes in the hidden URLs which carry AJAX requests to the server.
 
The AJAX engine makes use of JavaScript to transfer user requests/commands and transforms them into function calls. The AJAX engine sends these function calls in plain-text to the server that may be intercepted by attackers to reveal database information, variable names, or any other confidential user data that may be used by the attacker maliciously.
 
AJAX-based applications are also vulnerable to Cross-Site Request Forgery (CRSF) and Cross-Site Scripting (XSS). Although it is not that easy to exploit CSRF on AJAX applications because the requests are hidden, attackers may be able to create a script that can steal a user’s session token and by so doing be able to steal the user’s session remotely.
 
This can be avoided by creating random complex tokens for the AJAX requests which are not identified by the attackers. The server embeds the complex token on the page and checks for it each time the users make a request to the server and if it is any different the server does not process the request.
 
To ensure AJAX security against XSS, the application has to strictly sanitize user input and output. The use of JS functions such as ‘document.write()’, ‘innerHTML()’, ‘eval()’, ‘write()’ may make it possible for XSS attacks in AJAX web applications.
 
Conclusion
AJAX is a very fast and affordable browser technology but needs to be treated just like any other web application when it comes to security. Organizations need to do thorough scanning of their AJAX applications just like on conventional web applications to ensure absolute security from common vulnerabilities.

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Herewith, I have shared my analysis and added the solutions. order to check the varchar field for the mathematical calculation whether the varchar field value has numeric data or not.
 
We are storing the numeric and string value in the varchar. For example, $500. If we use the Isnumeric, it will return true only. In order to avoid this kindly of mirror issue, we can use the try_Cast, It will return false only.
 
When string value has this character € | + | . | , | \ | - | 12e4 |
    isnumeric return result 1.
    When we using try_Cast it returns 0.

See below another example,
    $1000 is not numeric, but ISNUMERIC returns true, then proceed for the convert it as numeric.
    Now, It says "Error converting data type varchar to numeric"

SQL
    DECLARE @var varchar(100)   
    SET @var = '$1000' SELECT ISNUMERIC(@var)   
    SELECT CASE   
    WHEN ISNUMERIC (@var) = 1   
    THEN CAST(@var AS numeric(36, 4))   
    ELSE CAST('0' AS numeric(36,4))   
    END  

Result

Check String Value Has Numeric Data Or Not In SQL

ISNUMERIC Return the varchar as True Example

Solutions
 
In this type of case, while varchar value is used for numeric calculation. Use TRY_CAST
    DECLARE @var varchar(100);   
    SET @var = '$1000';  
    SELECT ISNULL( TRY_CAST(@var AS numeric(36, 4)), 0 )

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If you’re a developer, irrespective of the platform, you  have to work with databases. Creating SQL statements for tables is quite often a monotonous job and it gets hectic especially when dealing with gigantic tables that have hundreds of columns. Writing SQL statements manually every time becomes a tiresome process.
Before explaining the script, I want to share the reason to write this script and how it is helping my peers. We have code standard on the database side. Below points are standards.

    Need to maintain a separate stored procedure to every table
    Don’t use * in the query instead specify the column
    Use the correct data type and size of a column
    Every parameter should be nullable in a stored procedure.

I am developing an application which is related to machines using .NET and SQL Server. The database design consists of some master tables and transactional tables. All the transactional table has more than 30 columns.

To meet my code standards, I need to mention all columns with correct data type and size in stored procedure parameters like below,

    CREATEproc [dbo].[USP_PCNitemCreation] ( @Id int, @machineName varchar(50)=NULL, @furnacename varchar(50)=NULL, @minValue int=NULL, @maxValue int=NULL, @createdDate datetime=nullvarchar(100)=NULL )  

All the queries should specify the column instead of using the start(*).
    select machineName,furnacename from trn_furnace where Id=@Id  

It consumes more time and is a boring task. So, I plan to write the script to is cut down on the time it takes and boring repeated work. We cannot automate the logic, but we can automate the repeated task.

Then I write the below script which really cuts down on all of our above pain points.

Auto Query Generator Stored Procedure for MSSQL Server,
    CREATEproc [dbo].[USP_QuerycreationSupport] ( @table_Name varchar(100)=NULL ) AS   
    BEGINDECLARE @InserCols   NVARCHAR(max)DECLARE @Inserparam  NVARCHAR(max)DECLARE @Insertquery NVARCHAR(max)DECLARE @Selectquery NVARCHAR(max)DECLARE @Update      NVARCHAR(max)DECLARE @DeleteQuery NVARCHAR(max)  
      -- sp paramSELECT '@'+c.NAME+Space(1)+Casecast(t.Nameasnvarchar(40))WHEN'nvarchar'THEN   
      t.NAME    +'('+cast(c.max_length asnvarchar(30))+')'   
    WHEN'varchar'THEN   
      t.NAME+'('+cast(c.max_length asnvarchar(30))+')'   
    WHEN'char'THEN   
      t.NAME+'('+cast(c.max_length asnvarchar(30))+')'   
    WHEN'decimal'THEN   
      t.NAME        +'(18,2)'   
      ELSE t.nameend+'=null,'AS colss FROM sys.columns c innerjoin sys.types t ON c.user_type_id = t.user_type_id leftouterjoin sys.index_columns ic ON ic.object_id= c.object_idand ic.column_id = c.column_id leftouterjoin sys.indexes i ON ic.object_id= i.object_idand ic.index_id = i.index_id WHERE c.object_id=object_id(@table_Name)SELECT'Insert query'SET @InserCols=(selectdistinct   
      (   
             select sc.NAME+','   
             FROM   sys.tables st innerjoinsys.columns sc   
             ON st.object_id= sc.object_id   
             WHERE  st.NAME= @table_Name forxmlpath(''),   
                    type).value('.','NVARCHAR(MAX)'))   
      -- Return the result of the functionSELECT @InserCols=LEFT(@InserCols,Len(@InserCols)-1)   
      --select @InserColsSET @Inserparam=(selectdistinct   
      (   
             select'@'+sc.NAME+','   
             FROM   sys.tables st innerjoinsys.columns sc   
             ON st.object_id= sc.object_id   
             WHERE  st.NAME= @table_Name forxmlpath(''),   
                    type).value('.','NVARCHAR(MAX)'))   
      -- Return the result of the functionSELECT @Inserparam=LEFT(@Inserparam,Len(@Inserparam)-1)   
      --select @InserparamSET @Insertquery='insert into '+@table_Name+'('+@InserCols+')'+'values'+'('+@Inserparam+')'SELECT @InsertquerySELECT'Update Query'SET @Update=(selectdistinct   
      (   
             select sc.NAME+'=@'+sc.NAME+','   
             FROM   sys.tables st innerjoinsys.columns sc   
             ON st.object_id= sc.object_id   
             WHERE  st.NAME= @table_Name forxmlpath(''),   
                    type).value('.','NVARCHAR(MAX)'))   
      -- Return the result of the functionSELECT @Update=LEFT(@Update,Len(@Update)-1)   
      --select @UpdateSET @Update='UPdate '+@table_Name+' set '+@UpdateSELECT @Update   
      -- For select QuerySELECT'Select Query'SET @Selectquery='select '+@InserCols +' from '+ @table_NameSELECT @Selectquery  
      -- For Delete QuerySELECT'Delete Query'SET @DeleteQuery='delete from '+ @table_NameSELECT @DeleteQuery  
    end  

How to use this script,
    Step 1 - Create the stored procedure using the above code or attached code.
    Step 2 - Execute the stored procedure and pass your table name as a parameter.

    Exec USP_QuerycreationSupport@table_Name='mstCustomer'  

Should not pass the database object in the table name
    Exec USP_QuerycreationSupport@table_Name='[dbo].[mstCustomer]'  

Once you execute the Stored Procedure as mentioned above, you get all the SQL statements as shown here. You could easily use the generated SQL statements elsewhere. You get all basic SQL statements like Select, Insert, Update & Delete.

If you’re a developer, irrespective of the platform, you  have to work with databases. Creating SQL statements for tables is quite often a monotonous job and it gets hectic especially when dealing with gigantic tables that have hundreds of columns. Writing SQL statements manually every time becomes a tiresome process.
Before explaining the script, I want to share the reason to write this script and how it is helping my peers. We have code standard on the database side. Below points are standards.

    Need to maintain a separate stored procedure to every table
    Don’t use * in the query instead specify the column
    Use the correct data type and size of a column
    Every parameter should be nullable in a stored procedure.

I am developing an application which is related to machines using .NET and SQL Server. The database design consists of some master tables and transactional tables. All the transactional table has more than 30 columns.

To meet my code standards, I need to mention all columns with correct data type and size in stored procedure parameters like below,
    CREATEproc [dbo].[USP_PCNitemCreation] ( @Id int, @machineName varchar(50)=NULL, @furnacename varchar(50)=NULL, @minValue int=NULL, @maxValue int=NULL, @createdDate datetime=nullvarchar(100)=NULL )  

All the queries should specify the column instead of using the start(*).
    select machineName,furnacename from trn_furnace where Id=@Id  

It consumes more time and is a boring task. So, I plan to write the script to is cut down on the time it takes and boring repeated work. We cannot automate the logic, but we can automate the repeated task.

Then I write the below script which really cuts down on all of our above pain points.

Auto Query Generator Stored Procedure for MSSQL Server,
    CREATEproc [dbo].[USP_QuerycreationSupport] ( @table_Name varchar(100)=NULL ) AS   
    BEGINDECLARE @InserCols   NVARCHAR(max)DECLARE @Inserparam  NVARCHAR(max)DECLARE @Insertquery NVARCHAR(max)DECLARE @Selectquery NVARCHAR(max)DECLARE @Update      NVARCHAR(max)DECLARE @DeleteQuery NVARCHAR(max)  
      -- sp paramSELECT '@'+c.NAME+Space(1)+Casecast(t.Nameasnvarchar(40))WHEN'nvarchar'THEN   
      t.NAME    +'('+cast(c.max_length asnvarchar(30))+')'   
    WHEN'varchar'THEN   
      t.NAME+'('+cast(c.max_length asnvarchar(30))+')'   
    WHEN'char'THEN   
      t.NAME+'('+cast(c.max_length asnvarchar(30))+')'   
    WHEN'decimal'THEN   
      t.NAME        +'(18,2)'   
      ELSE t.nameend+'=null,'AS colss FROM sys.columns c innerjoin sys.types t ON c.user_type_id = t.user_type_id leftouterjoin sys.index_columns ic ON ic.object_id= c.object_idand ic.column_id = c.column_id leftouterjoin sys.indexes i ON ic.object_id= i.object_idand ic.index_id = i.index_id WHERE c.object_id=object_id(@table_Name)SELECT'Insert query'SET @InserCols=(selectdistinct   
      (   
             select sc.NAME+','   
             FROM   sys.tables st innerjoinsys.columns sc   
             ON st.object_id= sc.object_id   
             WHERE  st.NAME= @table_Name forxmlpath(''),   
                    type).value('.','NVARCHAR(MAX)'))   
      -- Return the result of the functionSELECT @InserCols=LEFT(@InserCols,Len(@InserCols)-1)   
      --select @InserColsSET @Inserparam=(selectdistinct   
      (   
             select'@'+sc.NAME+','   
             FROM   sys.tables st innerjoinsys.columns sc   
             ON st.object_id= sc.object_id   
             WHERE  st.NAME= @table_Name forxmlpath(''),   
                    type).value('.','NVARCHAR(MAX)'))   
      -- Return the result of the functionSELECT @Inserparam=LEFT(@Inserparam,Len(@Inserparam)-1)   
      --select @InserparamSET @Insertquery='insert into '+@table_Name+'('+@InserCols+')'+'values'+'('+@Inserparam+')'SELECT @InsertquerySELECT'Update Query'SET @Update=(selectdistinct   
      (   
             select sc.NAME+'=@'+sc.NAME+','   
             FROM   sys.tables st innerjoinsys.columns sc   
             ON st.object_id= sc.object_id   
             WHERE  st.NAME= @table_Name forxmlpath(''),   
                    type).value('.','NVARCHAR(MAX)'))   
      -- Return the result of the functionSELECT @Update=LEFT(@Update,Len(@Update)-1)   
      --select @UpdateSET @Update='UPdate '+@table_Name+' set '+@UpdateSELECT @Update   
      -- For select QuerySELECT'Select Query'SET @Selectquery='select '+@InserCols +' from '+ @table_NameSELECT @Selectquery  
      -- For Delete QuerySELECT'Delete Query'SET @DeleteQuery='delete from '+ @table_NameSELECT @DeleteQuery  
    end  

How to use this script,
    Step 1 - Create the stored procedure using the above code or attached code.
    Step 2 - Execute the stored procedure and pass your table name as a parameter.

    Exec USP_QuerycreationSupport@table_Name='mstCustomer'  

Should not pass the database object in the table name
    Exec USP_QuerycreationSupport@table_Name='[dbo].[mstCustomer]'  

Once you execute the Stored Procedure as mentioned above, you get all the SQL statements as shown here. You could easily use the generated SQL statements elsewhere. You get all basic SQL statements like Select, Insert, Update & Delete.

How could this Auto Query Generator benefit you?

    Minimizes your time in Query Creation
    Eliminates human errors in datatype mismatches, size etc.
    Irrespective of table size, you get all basic SQL instantly
    Especially comes in handy while dealing with a table that has hundreds of columns

I hope this article helps you. Please comment below, if you have any query on this article.

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Herewith, I have shared my analysis and added the solutions. order to check the varchar field for the mathematical calculation whether the varchar field value has numeric data or not.
 
We are storing the numeric and string value in the varchar. For example, $500. If we use the Isnumeric, it will return true only. In order to avoid this kindly of mirror issue, we can use the try_Cast, It will return false only.
 
When string value has this character € | + | . | , | \ | - | 12e4 |
    isnumeric return result 1.
    When we using try_Cast it returns 0.

See below another example,
    $1000 is not numeric, but ISNUMERIC returns true, then proceed for the convert it as numeric.
    Now, It says "Error converting data type varchar to numeric"

SQL
    DECLARE @var varchar(100)   
    SET @var = '$1000' SELECT ISNUMERIC(@var)   
    SELECT CASE   
    WHEN ISNUMERIC (@var) = 1   
    THEN CAST(@var AS numeric(36, 4))   
    ELSE CAST('0' AS numeric(36,4))   
    END  

Result

ISNUMERIC Return the varchar as True Example

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In this article, we will see what ‘Computed Column in SQL Server' is, and how we can use it.

First of all, what is a Computed column in SQL Server?
Computed column as the name gives an idea it's related to something calculation/ computation, yes, computed columns are similar to a column in Excel with an applied formula that calculates the value automatically of the given query or the columns.
 
Computed columns are columns with some user-defined expression or with some formula to calculate the corresponding columns with operators or with some query.
 
Let's take an example,
 
Creating a table named 'CalculationTable' with a computed column named 'Age',
    Create table CalculationTable  
    (  
       ID INT IDENTITY(1,1) PRIMARY KEY,  
       NAME NVARCHAR(50) null,  
       DATEOFBIRTH DATE null,  
       AGE AS (DATEDIFF(YEAR,DATEOFBIRTH,GETDATE()))  
    )  

You can also use the SSMS user interface to define that column (formula), let’s see how,

 
Now let's insert some data into the table,

In the above example, AGE is computed column, whenever we insert the value of DATEOFBIRTH then AGE will be calculated automatically.
 
I hope this will be helpful to understand the Computed Columns in SQL Server.
 
For practice, you can download the attached scripts.

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I would suggest storing the DateTime in the table as UTC(which is called Coordinated Universal Time). This time zone is a Standard Time Zone. To avoid timezone complexity in our application.
 
Herewith, I shared the step-by-step conversion of UTC Date to given Time Zone name date in the SQL Server.
 
Step 1
Create Time zone Table,
    CREATE TABLE  [Timezone](     
    [Id]            [int] NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,    
      [Identifier]        [varchar](100) NULL,     
    [StandardName]        [varchar](100) NULL,  
       [DisplayName]       [varchar](100) NULL,  
       [DaylightName]        [varchar](100) NULL,    
     [SupportsDaylightSavingTime]  [bit] NULL,    
      [BaseUtcOffsetSec]      [int] NULL   
    )     

Step 2 - Insert Time Zone Name
Insert the below given query with 138 timezone with names,
    insert into Timezone values(1,  NULL,'UTC-11','(UTC-11:00) Coordinated Universal Time-11',NULL,0,-39600)    
    insert into Timezone values(2,  NULL,'Aleutian Standard Time','(UTC-10:00) Aleutian Islands',NULL,0,-36000)    
    insert into Timezone values(3,  NULL,'Hawaiian Standard Time','(UTC-10:00) Hawaii',NULL,0,-36000)    
    insert into Timezone values(4,  NULL,'Marquesas Standard Time','(UTC-09:30) Marquesas Islands',NULL,0,-34200)    
    insert into Timezone values(5,  NULL,'Alaskan Standard Time','(UTC-09:00) Alaska',NULL,0,-32400)    
    insert into Timezone values(6,  NULL,'UTC-09','(UTC-09:00) Coordinated Universal Time-09',NULL,0,-32400)    
    insert into Timezone values(7,  NULL,'Pacific Standard Time (Mexico)','(UTC-08:00) Baja California',NULL,0,-28800)    
    insert into Timezone values(8,  NULL,'UTC-08','(UTC-08:00) Coordinated Universal Time-08',NULL,0,-28800)    
    insert into Timezone values(9,  NULL,'Pacific Standard Time','(UTC-08:00) Pacific Time (US & Canada)',NULL,0,-28800)    
    insert into Timezone values(10,NULL,'US Mountain Standard Time','(UTC-07:00) Arizona',NULL,0,-25200)    
    insert into Timezone values(11,NULL,'Mountain Standard Time (Mexico)','(UTC-07:00) Chihuahua, La Paz, Mazatlan',NULL,0,-25200)    
    insert into Timezone values(12,NULL,'Mountain Standard Time','(UTC-07:00) Mountain Time (US & Canada)',NULL,0,-25200)    
    insert into Timezone values(13,NULL,'Central America Standard Time','(UTC-06:00) Central America',NULL,0,-21600)    
    insert into Timezone values(14,NULL,'Central Standard Time','(UTC-06:00) Central Time (US & Canada)',NULL,0,-21600  )    
    insert into Timezone values(15,NULL,'Easter Island Standard Time','(UTC-06:00) Easter Island',NULL,0,-21600 )    
    insert into Timezone values(16,NULL,'Central Standard Time (Mexico)','(UTC-06:00) Guadalajara, Mexico City, Monterrey',NULL,0,-21600    )    
    insert into Timezone values(17,NULL,'Canada Central Standard Time','(UTC-06:00) Saskatchewan',NULL,0,-21600 )    
    insert into Timezone values(18,NULL,'SA Pacific Standard Time','(UTC-05:00) Bogota, Lima, Quito, Rio Branco',NULL,0,-18000  )    
    insert into Timezone values(19,NULL,'Eastern Standard Time (Mexico)','(UTC-05:00) Chetumal',NULL,0,-18000)    
    insert into Timezone values(20,NULL,'Eastern Standard Time','(UTC-05:00) Eastern Time (US & Canada)',NULL,0,-18000  )    
    insert into Timezone values(21,NULL,'Haiti Standard Time','(UTC-05:00) Haiti',  NULL,0,-18000)    
    insert into Timezone values(22,NULL,'Cuba Standard Time','(UTC-05:00) Havana',NULL,0,-18000)    
    insert into Timezone values(23,NULL,'US Eastern Standard Time','(UTC-05:00) Indiana (East)',NULL,0,-18000   )    
    insert into Timezone values(24,NULL,'Turks And Caicos Standard Time','(UTC-05:00) Turks and Caicos',NULL,0,-18000   )    
    insert into Timezone values(25,NULL,'Paraguay Standard Time','(UTC-04:00) Asuncion',NULL,0,-14400)    
    insert into Timezone values(26,NULL,'Atlantic Standard Time','(UTC-04:00) Atlantic Time (Canada)',NULL,0,-14400 )    
    insert into Timezone values(27,NULL,'Venezuela Standard Time','(UTC-04:00) Caracas',NULL,0,-14400)    
    insert into Timezone values(28,NULL,'Central Brazilian Standard Time','(UTC-04:00) Cuiaba',NULL,0,-14400)    
    insert into Timezone values(29,NULL,'SA Western Standard Time'  ,'(UTC-04:00) Georgetown, La Paz, Manaus, San Juan',NULL,0,-14400   )    
    insert into Timezone values(30,NULL,'Pacific SA Standard Time','(UTC-04:00) Santiago',NULL,0,-14400)    
    insert into Timezone values(31,NULL,'Newfoundland Standard Time','(UTC-03:30) Newfoundland',NULL,0,-12600)    
    insert into Timezone values(32,NULL,'Tocantins Standard Time','(UTC-03:00) Araguaina',  NULL,0,-10800)    
    insert into Timezone values(33,NULL,'E. South America Standard Time','(UTC-03:00) Brasilia',NULL,0,-10800)    
    insert into Timezone values(34,NULL,'SA Eastern Standard Time'  ,'(UTC-03:00) Cayenne, Fortaleza',NULL,0,-10800 )    
    insert into Timezone values(35,NULL,'Argentina Standard Time','(UTC-03:00) City of Buenos Aires',NULL,0,-10800  )    
    insert into Timezone values(36,NULL,'Greenland Standard Time','(UTC-03:00) Greenland',NULL,0,-10800)    
    insert into Timezone values(37,NULL,'Montevideo Standard Time','(UTC-03:00) Montevideo',NULL,0,-10800   )    
    insert into Timezone values(38,NULL,'Magallanes Standard Time','(UTC-03:00) Punta Arenas',NULL,0,-10800 )    
    insert into Timezone values(39,NULL,'Saint Pierre Standard Time','(UTC-03:00) Saint Pierre and Miquelon',NULL,0,-10800  )    
    insert into Timezone values(40,NULL,'Bahia Standard Time','(UTC-03:00) Salvador',NULL,0,-10800  )    
    insert into Timezone values(41,NULL,'UTC-02','(UTC-02:00) Coordinated Universal Time-02',NULL,0,-7200   )    
    insert into Timezone values(42,NULL,'Mid-Atlantic Standard Time','(UTC-02:00) Mid-Atlantic - Old',NULL,0,-7200  )    
    insert into Timezone values(43,NULL,'Azores Standard Time','(UTC-01:00) Azores',NULL,0,-3600)    
    insert into Timezone values(44,NULL,'Cape Verde Standard Time','(UTC-01:00) Cabo Verde Is.',NULL,0,-3600)    
    insert into Timezone values(45,NULL,'UTC','(UTC) Coordinated Universal Time',NULL,0,0)    
    insert into Timezone values(46,NULL,'GMT Standard Time','(UTC+00:00) Dublin, Edinburgh, Lisbon, London',NuLL,0,0)    
    insert into Timezone values(47,NULL,'Greenwich Standard Time','(UTC+00:00) Monrovia, Reykjavik  ',NULL,0,0)    
    insert into Timezone values(48,NULL,'Sao Tome Standard Time','(UTC+00:00) Sao Tome',NULL,0,0)    
    insert into Timezone values(49,NULL,'W. Europe Standard Time','(UTC+01:00) Amsterdam, Berlin, Bern, Rome, Stockholm, Vienna',NULL,0,+3600)    
    insert into Timezone values(50,NULL,'Central Europe Standard Time','(UTC+01:00) Belgrade, Bratislava, Budapest, Ljubljana, Prague',NULL,0,+3600)    
    insert into Timezone values(51,NULL,'Romance Standard Time','(UTC+01:00) Brussels, Copenhagen, Madrid, Paris',NULL,0,+3600)    
    insert into Timezone values(52,NULL,'Morocco Standard Time','(UTC+01:00) Casablanca',NULL,  0,+3600)    
    insert into Timezone values(53,NULL,'Central European Standard Time','(UTC+01:00) Sarajevo, Skopje, Warsaw, Zagreb',NULL,0,+3600)    
    insert into Timezone values(54,NULL,'W. Central Africa Standard Time','(UTC+01:00) West Central Africa',NULL,0,+3600)    
    insert into Timezone values(55,NULL,'Jordan Standard Time','(UTC+02:00) Amman',NULL,0,+7200)    
    insert into Timezone values(56,NULL,'GTB Standard Time','(UTC+02:00) Athens, Bucharest',NULL,0,+7200)    
    insert into Timezone values(57,NULL,'Middle East Standard Time','(UTC+02:00) Beirut',NULL,0,+7200)    
    insert into Timezone values(58,NULL,'Egypt Standard Time','(UTC+02:00) Cairo',NULL,0,+7200)    
    insert into Timezone values(59,NULL,'E. Europe Standard Time','(UTC+02:00) Chisinau',NULL,0,+7200)    
    insert into Timezone values(60,NULL,'Syria Standard Time','(UTC+02:00) Damascus',NULL,0,+7200)    
    insert into Timezone values(61,NULL,'West Bank Standard Time','(UTC+02:00) Gaza, Hebron',NULL,0,+7200)    
    insert into Timezone values(62,NULL,'South Africa Standard Time','(UTC+02:00) Harare, Pretoria',NULL,0,+7200)    
    insert into Timezone values(63,NULL,'FLE Standard Time','(UTC+02:00) Helsinki, Kyiv, Riga, Sofia, Tallinn, Vilnius',NULL,0,+7200)    
    insert into Timezone values(64,NULL,'Israel Standard Time','(UTC+02:00) Jerusalem',NULL,0,+7200)    
    insert into Timezone values(65,NULL,'Kaliningrad Standard Time','(UTC+02:00) Kaliningrad',NULL,0,+7200)    
    insert into Timezone values(66,NULL,'Sudan Standard Time','(UTC+02:00) Khartoum',NULL,0,+7200)    
    insert into Timezone values(67,NULL,'Libya Standard Time','(UTC+02:00) Tripoli',NULL,0,+7200)    
    insert into Timezone values(68,NULL,'Namibia Standard Time','(UTC+02:00) Windhoek',NULL,0,+7200)    
    insert into Timezone values(69,NULL,'Arabic Standard Time','(UTC+03:00) Baghdad',NULL,0,+10800)    
    insert into Timezone values(70,NULL,'Turkey Standard Time'  ,'(UTC+03:00) Istanbul',NULL,0,+10800)    
    insert into Timezone values(71,NULL,'Arab Standard Time','(UTC+03:00) Kuwait, Riyadh',NULL,0,+10800)    
    insert into Timezone values(72,NULL,'Belarus Standard Time','(UTC+03:00) Minsk',NULL,0,+10800)    
    insert into Timezone values(73,NULL,'Russian Standard Time','(UTC+03:00) Moscow, St. Petersburg',NULL,0,+10800)    
    insert into Timezone values(74,NULL,'E. Africa Standard Time','(UTC+03:00) Nairobi',NULL,0,+10800)    
    insert into Timezone values(75,NULL,'Iran Standard Time','(UTC+03:30) Tehran',NULL,0,+12600 )    
    insert into Timezone values(76,NULL,'Arabian Standard Time','(UTC+04:00) Abu Dhabi, Muscat',NULL,0,+14400)    
    insert into Timezone values(77,NULL,'Astrakhan Standard Time','(UTC+04:00) Astrakhan, Ulyanovsk',NULL,0,+14400)    
    insert into Timezone values(78,NULL,'Azerbaijan Standard Time','(UTC+04:00) Baku',NULL,0,+14400)    
    insert into Timezone values(79,NULL,'Russia Time Zone 3','(UTC+04:00) Izhevsk, Samara',NULL,0,+14400)    
    insert into Timezone values(80,NULL,'Mauritius Standard Time','(UTC+04:00) Port Louis',NULL,0,+14400)    
    insert into Timezone values(81,NULL,'Saratov Standard Time','(UTC+04:00) Saratov',NULL,0,+14400)    
    insert into Timezone values(82,NULL,'Georgian Standard Time','(UTC+04:00) Tbilisi',NULL,0,+14400)    
    insert into Timezone values(83,NULL,'Volgograd Standard Time','(UTC+04:00) Volgograd',NULL,0,+14400)    
    insert into Timezone values(84,NULL,'Caucasus Standard Time','(UTC+04:00) Yerevan',NULL,0,+14400)    
    insert into Timezone values(85,NULL,'Afghanistan Standard Time','(UTC+04:30) Kabul',NULL,0,+16200)    
    insert into Timezone values(86,NULL,'West Asia Standard Time','(UTC+05:00) Ashgabat, Tashkent',NULL,0,+18000)    
    insert into Timezone values(87,NULL,'Ekaterinburg Standard Time','(UTC+05:00) Ekaterinburg',NULL,0,+18000)    
    insert into Timezone values(88,NULL,'Pakistan Standard Time','(UTC+05:00) Islamabad, Karachi',NULL,0,+18000)    
    insert into Timezone values(89,NULL,'Qyzylorda Standard Time','(UTC+05:00) Qyzylorda',NULL,0,+18000)    
    insert into Timezone values(90,NULL,'India Standard Time','(UTC+05:30) Chennai, Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi',NULL,0,+19800)    
    insert into Timezone values(91,NULL,'Sri Lanka Standard Time','(UTC+05:30) Sri Jayawardenepur',NULL,0,+19800)    
    insert into Timezone values(92,NULL,'Nepal Standard Time','(UTC+05:45) Kathmandu',NULL,0,+20700)    
    insert into Timezone values(93,NULL,'Central Asia Standard Time','(UTC+06:00) Astana',NULL,0,+21600)    
    insert into Timezone values(94,NULL,'Bangladesh Standard Time','(UTC+06:00) Dhaka',NULL,0,+21600)    
    insert into Timezone values(95,NULL,'Omsk Standard Time','(UTC+06:00) Omsk',NULL,0,+21600)    
    insert into Timezone values(96,NULL,'Myanmar Standard Time','(UTC+06:30) Yangon (Rangoon)',NULL,0,+23400)    
    insert into Timezone values(97,NULL,'SE Asia Standard Time','(UTC+07:00) Bangkok, Hanoi, Jakarta',NULL,0,+25200)    
    insert into Timezone values(98,NULL,'Altai Standard Time','(UTC+07:00) Barnaul, Gorno-Altaysk',NULL,0,+25200)    
    insert into Timezone values(99,NULL,'W. Mongolia Standard Time','(UTC+07:00) Hovd',NULL,0,+25200)    
    insert into Timezone values(100,NULL,'North Asia Standard Time','(UTC+07:00) Krasnoyarsk',NULL,0,+25200)    
    insert into Timezone values(101,NULL,'N. Central Asia Standard Time','(UTC+07:00) Novosibirsk',NULL,0,+25200)    
    insert into Timezone values(102,NULL,'Tomsk Standard Time','(UTC+07:00) Tomsk',NULL,0,+25200)    
    insert into Timezone values(103,NULL,'China Standard Time','(UTC+08:00) Beijing, Chongqing, Hong Kong, Urumqi',NULL,0,+28800)    
    insert into Timezone values(104,NULL,'North Asia East Standard Time','(UTC+08:00) Irkutsk',NULL,0,+28800)    
    insert into Timezone values(105,NULL,'Singapore Standard Time','(UTC+08:00) Kuala Lumpur, Singapore',NULL,0,+28800  )    
    insert into Timezone values(106,NULL,'W. Australia Standard Time','(UTC+08:00) Perth',NULL,0,+28800)    
    insert into Timezone values(107,NULL,'Taipei Standard Time','(UTC+08:00) Taipei',NULL,0,+28800)    
    insert into Timezone values(108,NULL,'Ulaanbaatar Standard Time','(UTC+08:00) Ulaanbaatar',NULL,0,+28800)    
    insert into Timezone values(109,NULL,'Aus Central W. Standard Time','(UTC+08:45) Eucla',NULL,0,+31500)    
    insert into Timezone values(110,NULL,'Transbaikal Standard Time','(UTC+09:00) Chita',NULL,0,+32400  )    
    insert into Timezone values(111,NULL,'Tokyo Standard Time','(UTC+09:00) Osaka, Sapporo, Tokyo',NULL,0,32400)    
    insert into Timezone values(112,NULL,'North Korea Standard Time','(UTC+09:00) Pyongyang',NULL,0,+32400)    
    insert into Timezone values(113,NULL,'Korea Standard Time','(UTC+09:00) Seoul',NULL,0,+32400)    
    insert into Timezone values(114,NULL,'Yakutsk Standard Time','(UTC+09:00) Yakutsk',NULL,0,+32400)    
    insert into Timezone values(115,NULL,'Cen. Australia Standard Time','(UTC+09:30) Adelaide',NULL,0,+34200)    
    insert into Timezone values(116,NULL,'AUS Central Standard Time','(UTC+09:30) Darwin',NULL,0,+34200)    
    insert into Timezone values(117,NULL,'E. Australia Standard Time','(UTC+10:00) Brisbane',NULL,0,+36000)    
    insert into Timezone values(118,NULL,'AUS Eastern Standard Time','(UTC+10:00) Canberra, Melbourne, Sydney',NULL,0,+36000)    
    insert into Timezone values(119,NULL,'West Pacific Standard Time','(UTC+10:00) Guam, Port Moresby',NULL,0,+36000)    
    insert into Timezone values(120,NULL,'Tasmania Standard Time','(UTC+10:00) Hobart',NULL,0,+36000)    
    insert into Timezone values(121,NULL,'Vladivostok Standard Time','(UTC+10:00) Vladivostok',NULL,0,+36000)    
    insert into Timezone values(122,NULL,'Lord Howe Standard Time','(UTC+10:30) Lord Howe Island',NULL,0,+37800)    
    insert into Timezone values(123,NULL,'Bougainville Standard Time','(UTC+11:00) Bougainville Island',NULL,0,+39600)    
    insert into Timezone values(124,NULL,'Russia Time Zone 10','(UTC+11:00) Chokurdakh',NULL,0,+39600)    
    insert into Timezone values(125,NULL,'Magadan Standard Time','(UTC+11:00) Magadan',NULL,0,+39600)    
    insert into Timezone values(126,NULL,'Norfolk Standard Time','(UTC+11:00) Norfolk Island',NULL,0,+39600)    
    insert into Timezone values(127,NULL,'Sakhalin Standard Time','(UTC+11:00) Sakhalin',NULL,0,+39600)    
    insert into Timezone values(128,NULL,'Central Pacific Standard Time','(UTC+11:00) Solomon Is., New Caledonia',NULL,0,+39600)    
    insert into Timezone values(129,NULL,'Russia Time Zone 11','(UTC+12:00) Anadyr, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky',NULL,0,+43200)    
    insert into Timezone values(130,NULL,'New Zealand Standard Time','(UTC+12:00) Auckland, Wellington',NULL,0,+43200)    
    insert into Timezone values(131,NULL,'UTC+12','(UTC+12:00) Coordinated Universal Time+12',NULL,0,+43200)    
    insert into Timezone values(132,NULL,'Fiji Standard Time','(UTC+12:00) Fiji',NULL,0,+43200)    
    insert into Timezone values(133,NULL,'Kamchatka Standard Time','(UTC+12:00) Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky - Old',NULL,0,+43200)    
    insert into Timezone values(134,NULL,'Chatham Islands Standard Time','(UTC+12:45) Chatham Islands',NULL,0,+45900)    
    insert into Timezone values(135,NULL,'UTC+13','(UTC+13:00) Coordinated Universal Time+13',NULL,0,+46800)    
    insert into Timezone values(136,NULL,'Tonga Standard Time','(UTC+13:00) Nuku alofa',NULL,0,+46800)    
    insert into Timezone values(137,NULL,'Samoa Standard Time','(UTC+13:00) Samoa',NULL,0,+46800)    
    insert into Timezone values(138,NULL,'Line Islands Standard Time','(UTC+14:00) Kiritimati Island',NULL,0,+50400)   

Step 3 - Create a function for Convert UTC timezone to any given timezone
Pass the UTC DateTime and timezone in the function,
    CREATE FUNCTION [dbo].[ConvertUTCtoLocal]    
    (    
       -- Add the parameters for the function here    
         @utcDateTime DATETIME,    
         @strTimeZoneName varchar(100)    
    )    
    RETURNS Datetime    
    AS    
    BEGIN    
    -- Declare the return variable here    
    --the original date    
    DECLARE @m_createddate as Datetime  ,@BaseUtcOffsetSec AS INT    
       SELECT @BaseUtcOffsetSec =BaseUtcOffsetSec FROM  Timezone WHERE StandardName=@strTimeZoneName    
    -- Return the result of the function    
     select   @m_createddate=DATEADD(SECOND, @BaseUtcOffsetSec,@utcDateTime)    
    RETURN @m_createddate    
    END    

Step 4
Result using User Defined Function of SQL,
    SELECT [dbo].[ConvertUTCtoLocal] (GETUTCDATE(),'Central Standard Time')    

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SQL
SQl was initially developed by IBM and later ANSI,  or the  American National Standards Institute, which made it standard. 'SQL' stands for Structured Query Language.
SQL is a open source standard.SQL is a Non-procedural language type means, sql statements are executed one at a time.
 
SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard language for querying and modifying data in the database. SQL allow you to define, select, modify data.It is used acreoss many different types of databases.It is used for manipulating data when large amount of information is stored.
DDL,DML commands that used for communicating with database like storing ,retrieving and manipulating data.
 
T-SQL
T-SQL is known as Transact Structured Query Language, which is the product of Microsoft. The purpose of T-SQL is used to provide the sets of tools for the development of a transactional databases.TSQL is an extension of the SQL language. It mainly used for creating application.
 
T-SQL is a proprietary standard.T-SQL is a procedural language of SQL, means code will be executed as a block logically and strctured order. T-SQL contains procedural programming and local variables. In T-SQL there is a block that used to write function and procedure, there is no interaction with database.   

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An Identity column in SQL Server can be used for generating identity values of a table. SQL IDENTITY property on a column is used to generate an IDENTITY column. The Identity column takes two values, seed and increment. Each new value is generated based on the current seed & increment.
    IDENTITY [ (seed , increment) ]  

Here seed is the value that is used for the very first row loaded into the table and increment is the incremental value that is added to the identity value of the previous row that was loaded.
 
Here is the sample demonstration for resetting identity column values in SQL Server.

Step 1
Create a table.
    CREATE TABLE dbo.Emp  
    (  
    ID INT IDENTITY(1,1),  
    Name VARCHAR(10)  
    )  

Step 2
Insert some sample data.
    INSERT INTO dbo.Emp(name)   
    VALUES ('Peter')  
    INSERT INTO dbo.Emp(Name)  
    VALUES ('Peter Scott') 

When we run the above query, the second Insert statement will fail because of the varchar(10) length.

Step 3
Check the identity column value.
    DBCC CHECKIDENT ('Emp')  

Even though the second insert failed but the identity value is increased, if we insert another record, the identity value is 3.
    INSERT INTO dbo.Emp(Name)  
    VALUES ('Scott')  
      
    SELECT * FROM Emp  

id name

Step 4
 
Reset the identity column value.
    DELETE FROM EMP WHERE ID=3  
      
    DBCC CHECKIDENT ('Emp', RESEED, 1)  
      
    INSERT INTO dbo.Emp(Name)  
    VALUES ('Scott')  
      
    SELECT * FROM Emp 

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Language-INtegrated Query (LINQ) is a Microsoft .NET Framework component that adds native data querying capabilities to .NET languages. In other words LINQ has the power of querying on any source of data (Collection of objects, database tables or XML Files). We can easily retrieve data from any object that implements the IEnumerable<T> interface and any provider that implements the IQueryable<T> interface.

Microsoft basically divides LINQ into the following three areas:

• LINQ to Object : Queries performed against in-memory data
• LINQ to ADO.Net
• LINQ to SQL (formerly DLinq) : Queries performed against the relation database; only Microsoft SQL Server is supported.
• LINQ to DataSet : Supports queries by using ADO.NET data sets and data tables.
• LINQ to Entities : Microsoft ORM solution
• LINQ to XML (formerly XLinq) : Queries performed against the XML source.

LINQ to SQL
LINQ to SQL translates our actions to SQL and submits the changes to the database. Here we will perform Select, Insert, Update and Delete operations on a COURSE table.

Step 1: Create a COURSE Table in the database

Step 2: Create a ContextData file using the Object Relational Designer:
Create a new item, select the LINQ to SQL classes (as shown in the following figure) and name it Operation.dbml.

Step 2: Create a ContextData file using the Object Relational Designer:
Create a new item, select the LINQ to SQL classes (as shown in the following figure) and name it Operation.dbml.

After clicking the Add button the ContextData file is created. Now we should drag all the tables onto the left-hand side of the designer and save (as shown in the following figure). This will create all the mappings and settings for each table and their entities.

For .dbml files the database connection string is defined in the web.config file as:
    <connectionStrings>  
    <add name="DevelopmentConnectionString" connectionString="Data Source=sandeepss-PC;Initial Catalog=Development;User ID=sa;  
    Password=*******" providerName="System.Data.SqlClient" />  
     </connectionStrings>

We can use a connection string from the web.config file or we can pass a connection string as a parameter in the constructor of the DataContext class to create an object of the DataContext class.

The SELECT Operation
    private void GetCourses()  
    {  
          //create DataContext object  
          OperationDataContext OdContext = new OperationDataContext();  
          var courseTable = from course in OdContext.GetTable<COURSE>() select course;  
          //grdCourse is gridview id  
          grdCourse.DataSource = courseTable;  
          grdCourse.DataBind();  
    }

The INSERT Operation
    private void AddNewCourse()  
    {  
          //Data maping object to our database  
          OperationDataContext OdContext = new OperationDataContext();  
          COURSE objCourse = new COURSE();  
          objCourse.course_name = "B.Tech";  
          objCourse.course_desc = "Bachelor Of Technology";  
          objCourse.modified_date = DateTime.Now;  
          //Adds an entity in a pending insert state to this System.Data.Linq.Table<TEntity>and parameter is the entity which to be added  
          OdContext.COURSEs.InsertOnSubmit(objCourse);  
          // executes the appropriate commands to implement the changes to the database  
          OdContext.SubmitChanges();  
    }

The Update Operation
    private void UpdateCourse()  
    {  
          OperationDataContext OdContext = new OperationDataContext();  
          //Get Single course which need to update  
          COURSE objCourse = OdContext.COURSEs.Single(course => course.course_name == "B.Tech");  
          //Field which will be update  
          objCourse.course_desc = "Bachelor of Technology";  
          // executes the appropriate commands to implement the changes to the database  
          OdContext.SubmitChanges();  
    }

The DELETE Operation
    private void DeleteCourse()  
    {  
          OperationDataContext OdContext = new OperationDataContext();  
          //Get Single course which need to Delete  
          COURSE objCourse = OdContext.COURSEs.Single(course => course.course_name == "B.Tech");  
          //Puts an entity from this table into a pending delete state and parameter is the entity which to be deleted.  
          OdContext.COURSEs.DeleteOnSubmit(objCourse);  
          // executes the appropriate commands to implement the changes to the database  
          OdContext.SubmitChanges();  
    }

To perform select, insert, update and delete operations we create a table and create a data context class; in other words a dbml file. In this file designer view we drag and drop the COURSE table from the Server Explorer. This data context class is an Object and table mapping and we perform the operation on the object and database updated according to the action using the submitChanges() method.

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