Common Table Expressions (CTEs) and subqueries can be chosen based on a number of criteria, including performance, readability, maintainability, and use case specificity.

Subqueries
When to Use Subqueries?

• Simplicity: Use subqueries for simple, straightforward queries where the logic is easy to understand without nesting.
• Single Use: When the result of the subquery is only needed once within the main query.
• Inline Calculations: When performing calculations or filtering within a single SQL statement.
• Performance: In some databases, subqueries might perform better due to optimization techniques. However, this can vary depending on the database engine and query complexity.

    -- Select all employees whose salaries are not null
    SELECT *
    FROM Employees
    WHERE EmployeeID IN (
        SELECT EmployeeID
        FROM Employees
        WHERE Salary IS NOT NULL
    );

Common Table Expressions (CTEs)
When to Use CTEs?

1. Readability and Maintainability: CTEs are easier to read and maintain, especially for complex queries. They allow you to break down a query into understandable parts.
2. Reusability: When you need to use the result of a subquery multiple times within a query.
3. Recursion: Use recursive CTEs for hierarchical data or to perform recursive operations.
4. Modularity: When you want to modularize complex query logic for better organization and readability.
5. Intermediate Results: When breaking down complex logic into steps can help in debugging and optimizing queries.

    -- Using a CTE to select all employees whose salaries are not null
    WITH FilteredEmployees AS (
        SELECT EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName, Department, Salary, HireDate
        FROM Employees
        WHERE Salary IS NOT NULL
    )
    SELECT *
    FROM FilteredEmployees;

Comparing Use Cases
Readability:
    CTE: Better for complex queries due to modularity and readability.
    Subquery: This can become difficult to read if nested deeply within the main query.
Maintainability:
    CTE: Easier to maintain due to clear structure and separation of logic.
    Subquery: Harder to maintain, especially for complex and deeply nested queries.
Performance: Performance can vary based on the database engine and query structure. Some engines optimize CTEs better, while others might handle subqueries more efficiently. It's crucial to test and profile queries in your specific database environment.
Recursion:
    CTE: The only choice for recursive queries.
    Subquery: Not suitable for recursion.

Example with both CTE and Subquery
Let's consider a scenario where you want to retrieve employees with a salary greater than a certain threshold, but you also want to get the average salary of their department.

Using Subquery
SELECT EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName, Department, Salary
FROM Employees e
WHERE Salary > (
    SELECT AVG(Salary)
    FROM Employees
    WHERE Department = e.Department
);

Using CTE
WITH DepartmentAvgSalaries AS (
    SELECT Department, AVG(Salary) AS AvgSalary
    FROM Employees
    GROUP BY Department
)
SELECT e.EmployeeID, e.FirstName, e.LastName, e.Department, e.Salary
FROM Employees e
JOIN DepartmentAvgSalaries das ON e.Department = das.Department
WHERE e.Salary > das.AvgSalary;

Use subqueries for simpler, straightforward, and single-use cases.
Use CTEs for complex, multi-step, and recursive queries, as well as for improving readability and maintainability.

Always consider the complexity of your query and the need for readability and maintainability, and then choose the approach that best fits those needs.

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